India: Is Modi's coalition at risk from its allies?

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday evening was sworn in for a third consecutive term in office. Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) lost its outright majority in India's elections, having failed to repeat its previous two landside victories.

The Hindu nationalist party will need to rely on its partners in the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) coalition to govern. Key members of the NDA endorsed Modi as their leader, but also demanded significant concessions in exchange for their support.

Modi's tough juggling act

"They have been kept in good humor for now but the demands and arm twisting by coalition partners will increase which is bound to derail the BJP's wish list had they managed to win power on their own," Vikrant Singh, a political analyst, told DW. "The BJP is living on borrowed support."

Both the Telugu Desam Party (TDP), a key regional player in the southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh, and the Janata Dal which rules the northern state of Bihar, are considered kingmakers in Modi's coalition and were rewarded with ministerial positions in the new cabinet.

The BJP won 240 seats in the general election, a significant dip from its tally of 303 seats in 2019. A government requires support of 272 lawmakers in the 543-member lower house of parliament, and the BJP fell 32 seats short of a majority.

What do the coalition partners want?

The Janata Dal has asked the BJP to amend its controversial 'Agniveer' scheme, a military recruitment reform program to create short-term employment and a caste-based census, according to local reports.

The TDP, on the other hand, is likely to demand a special status for Andhra Pradesh which would lead to grants and increased funding for the state.

Gilles Verniers, a senior fellow at the Centre for Policy Research, told DW that the stability of the coalition depends more on the ability of the main party to lead in a spirit of conciliation and effective power sharing.

"Much depends on the willingness and ability of the PM Modi to change the way he has practiced politics during the first 23 years of his career. Coalition politics cannot function as a one-way street," added Gilles.

While India is not new to coalition governments, which was seen in the 80's and 90s', analysts and political parties point out that it goes against the grain of Modi's style of functioning.

"Coalition politics is always marked by actions that are accommodative. Modi is not a consensus builder or a reconciler like former Prime Minister A B Vajpayee of the BJP was. He is not an administrator, just an ideological vote catcher," Sagarika Ghose, newly appointed deputy leader from the Trinamool Congress in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament, told DW.

"The BJP has have not even worked out a common minimum program of governance with its allies," she added.

Will a weakened BJP get things done?

Following India's 2019 national elections, the BJP majority allowed it to take monumental steps during its first 100 days in office, such as revoking the special autonomous status of the Muslim-majority state of Jammu and Kashmir, and criminalizing the Islamic practice of "triple talaq," in which the husband utters the word divorce three times in succession to his wife to end the marriage.

During the 2024 election campaign, the BJP had promised significant reforms, such as the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), which sought to replace religion-based personal laws governing issues like marriage, divorce and co-habitation with a common set of rules that apply to all citizens equally.

Another contentious election pledge was adopting the One Nation One Election (ONOE) initiative, which envisages holding elections to India's lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha) at the same time as votes for state assemblies, municipalities and village councils (panchayats) — once every five years.

But with the BJP losing its majority, these issues are likely to be relegated to the backburner due to potential resistance from its new coalition partners.

"In the present case, conciliation would mean to temporarily renounce transforming India's constitutional order towards a formal majoritarian system," said Gilles.

"The BJP would also have to respond on its partners desire for a caste census. But otherwise, whether this new coalition will have the same moderating effect as during the first NDA governments of the late 1990s remains to be seen."

Modi under scrutiny from coalition allies

The BJP's big plans on the economic front, such as opening certain sectors to foreign direct investment, manufacturing reforms, and foreign policy issues may not meet with much resistance. However, there will be pressures of tailoring such reforms to meet regional mandates, especially from alliance partners.

With an impressive showing by the Opposition INDIA bloc that bagged 234 seats, Modi's critics will now press its agenda both inside and outside parliament, putting the government under scrutiny over every major legislation push.

"The new coalition government has just too many internal contradictions and ideological differences. It will be just a matter of time before it self-destructs. Also remember, some of the key allies supporting the government have secular credentials and do not share the BJP's Hindu first agenda," said Ram Pratap Singh, political secretary of the Samajwadi Party (SP).

Shabnam Hashmi, a political rights activist, also pointed out that the new coalition is replete with inherent contradictions- According to Hashmi, its members could ill afford to compromise on important issues such as reservation for Muslims and caste-based census.

"But it is important to understand that fascist forces do not leave easily," Hashmi told DW. "The BJP will try and break the other parties and gain numbers over the next one year."

Edited by: Keith Walker

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