What is the infected blood scandal?

More than 30,000 people in the UK were infected with HIV and hepatitis C after being given contaminated blood products in the 1970s and 1980s.

A public inquiry described the scale of the scandal as "horrifying" and accused doctors, the government and NHS of repeatedly failing patients.

The government says the first compensation payments to victims will be made by the end of the year.

Two main groups of NHS patients were affected by what has been called the biggest treatment disaster in the history of the NHS.

Firstly, haemophiliacs - and those with similar disorders - who have a rare genetic condition which means their blood does not clot properly., external

People with haemophilia A have a shortage of a clotting agent called Factor VIII, while people with haemophilia B do not have enough Factor IX.

In the 1970s, a new treatment using donated human blood plasma was developed to replace these clotting agents.

But whole batches were contaminated with deadly viruses.

After being given the infected treatments, about 1,250 people in the UK with bleeding disorders developed both HIV and hepatitis C, including 380 children.

About two-thirds later died of Aids-related illnesses. Some unintentionally gave HIV to their partners.

Another 2,400 to 5,000 people developed hepatitis C on its own, which can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer.

It is difficult to know the exact number of people infected with hepatitis C, partly because it can take decades for symptoms to appear.

A second group of patients were given contaminated blood transfusions after childbirth, surgery or other medical treatment between 1970 and 1991.

The inquiry estimates between 80 and 100 of these people were infected with HIV, and about 27,000 with hepatitis C.

In total, it is thought about 2,900 people have died.

The Haemophilia Society believes 650 people infected with contaminated blood products, or their bereaved partners, have died since the inquiry was announced in 2017.

Announcing its findings, the inquiry said victims had been failed "not once, but repeatedly", and that the risk of viral infections in blood products had been known since 1948.

Inquiry chairman Sir Brian Langstaff said there had been a lack of openness from the authorities and elements of "downright deception", including the destruction of documents.

He said half-truths were also told, so people did not know about the risk of their treatment, the availability of alternatives, or even whether they were infected.

"This disaster was not an accident," said Sir Brian. "The infections happened because those in authority - doctors, the blood services and successive governments - did not put patient safety first."

The report said, external:

The total cost of compensation is expected to run into billions of pounds.

The amounts are being judged under five criteria - harm caused, social impact from stigma and isolation, impact on autonomy and private life, care costs and financial loss.

The first payments will be made to those who were infected, the Labour government has said. Family members and loved ones of those infected will also be entitled to compensation from next year.

Outlining the compensation scheme in May, following the public inquiry, the then-Conservative government set out the amounts people could expect to receive., external It said these would be exempt from tax, and would not affect benefits.

A person infected with HIV, for example, could expect to receive compensation of between £2.2m and £2.6m. These are average ranges rather than upper and lower limits.

Those with a chronic hepatitis C infection, defined as lasting more than six months, could expect to receive between £665,000 and £810,000.

Examples of compensation awards for the family members of those infected were also given.

The partner of someone infected with HIV who is still alive today, for example, could expect to receive about £110,000, while a child could get £55,000.

If their loved one has died and they were financially dependent on them, annual payments would be available.

In cases where people who would be entitled to compensation have died, the money will go to their estate.

The Conservative government was criticised for waiting until after the publication of the final report to announce the compensation plans.

Bereaved families heckled then-prime minister Rishi Sunak in July 2023 when he told the inquiry that the government would act as "quickly as possible".

In late 2022, following advice from the inquiry, the government made interim payments of £100,000 each to about 4,000 surviving victims and some bereaved partners.

In the 1970s, the UK was struggling to meet the demand for blood-clotting treatments, so imported supplies from the US.

But much of the blood was bought from high-risk donors such as prison inmates and drug-users.

Factor VIII was made by pooling plasma from tens of thousands of donors.

If just one was carrying a virus, the entire batch could be contaminated.

UK blood donations were not routinely screened for hepatitis C until 1991, 18 months after the virus was first identified.

By the mid-1970s, there were repeated warnings that imported US Factor VIII carried a greater risk of infection.

However, attempts to make the UK more self-sufficient in blood products failed, so the NHS continued using foreign supplies.

Campaigners say haemophiliacs could have been offered an alternative treatment called Cryoprecipitate. This was much harder to administer, but was made from the blood plasma of a single donor, lowering the infection risk.

BBC News has also uncovered evidence children were infected with hepatitis C and HIV after being placed on clinical trials of new treatments - often, without their family's consent.

As late as November 1983, the government insisted there was no "conclusive proof" that HIV could be transmitted in blood, a line robustly defended by former health minister Ken Clarke when he appeared before the inquiry.

Many other countries were affected, although some - including Finland - used older treatments until much later rather than switch to Factor VIII, which minimised HIV infections., external

Delivering the findings of the inquiry, Sir Brian criticised UK government claims in the 1990s that screening for hepatitis C began as soon as the technology was available.

He said that 23 other countries - including Japan, Finland and Spain - introduced the screening before the UK.

In the US, companies that supplied infected products have paid out millions in out-of-court settlements.

Politicians and drug companies have been convicted of negligence in countries including France and Japan.

In his evidence to the inquiry, former health secretary Andy Burnham suggested there may be grounds for charges of corporate manslaughter, external in the UK.